Margaret Thatcher’s New Right and New Labour

Margaret Thatcher’s New Right and New Labour The welfare state can be defined as the process in which the Government takes the responsibility in paying for, and in some instances such as public healthcare, directly providing services for the people. Through measures such as unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, and other social-security processes, it further provides the social and economic security of its population (Jones et al, 2007, p.680). In addition, the responsibility of the state is to help families, who need support in bringing up their children, through providing a choice of services which promotes the welfare of children and family members (VSS, 2003, p.2). The welfare state existed as far back as medieval times when the monasteries in particular looked after and supported the frail and elderly and educated the children. In the 16th century, parishes became legally responsible for looking after the poor and the people of the parish were expected to pay the cost (Bartholomew, 2004, p.29). The Poor Laws (traced back to 1536) were passed by the UK government to provide housing to the poor, homeless or disabled and in the 1800s many workhouses were built to provide shelter, work, food and clothing to the destitute. In 1914 a new code was established which encouraged more generous relief to be given to widows but only to those of good habits who would bring up their families correctly and that workhouses should be used as a threat to weaker women as it was already being argued that the welfare system was changing the morals of society (Walsh et al, 2000, p. 35;36). The birth of the modern welfare state began in 1911 when Lloyd George and Churchill introduced the first compulsary national insurance scheme against unemployment (Bartholomew, 2004, p.51). In 1941 an enquiry was launched which put forward proposals on how to tidy up the state welfare and the Bevridge report was published in 1942. William Bevridge was disappointed in what the welfare state had become and his report focused on full employment continuing within a stable economy where both Conservative and Labour worked within similar ideologies at this time to keep this stability and growth (Harris, 2004, p. 289, Alcock et al, 2004, p. 246). He was a believer of the Keynes theory that suggested there was a need for Government intervention to manage the economy which would solve the problems of unemployment and this approach was adopted by the Labour party (Page, 1999, p.24). His report further outlined defeating the five giants: want, ignorance, disease, squalor and idleness and his ma in proposal was that a national security should be universal and be compulsary everyone would pay a flat-rate contributions to a national insurance scheme. Those who fell ill, became unemployable or reached retirement age would, in return, receive flat-rate payments (Bartholomew, 2004, p.57). His report made no special provision for lone parents at all, arguing that the reponsibility of supporting the unmarried mother would be her familys although the typical family (which was that of a working man, his wife and children) lived almost in an income tax free state. At the time there was a married-couples allowance and tax allowances paid for each child which made the two parent family more likely to succeed (Bartholomew, 2004, p.255). Feminists saw his report as advocating that the womens place should be in the home serving her husband and children (VSS, 2003, p.19) as Beveridge stated that married womens duties was the vital unpaid service which would ensure the adequate continuance of the British race and of the British ideals in the world (cited in Lewis et al, 2000, p.32). The years following the Second World War radically influenced British society the NHS was formed and various Acts such as the Education Act; Family Allowance Act and the National Assistance Act were introduced and National Insurance for the unemployed was developed (Walsh et al, 2000, p.46). The Labour government helped to create a more state orientated Britain which took place with the purchase of industries by the state however this focus changed when the Conservative government came into power in 1979 and the concentration shifted to privatisation (Burton, 1987, p.26). The Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher, faced the burdening situation of the governments finances, rise in unemployment and NHS budget, and an increase in welfare bills. She proposed major changes in the thinking about social welfare and how it should be administered. In order to considerably reduce the increasing demand on the welfare state, which she believed to be expensive and morally weakening, she shifte d the responsibility of welfare from the state to personal, private and voluntary organisations which would be more efficient and effective (Walsh et al, 2000, p.52). During her period in office, Thatcher was influenced by her belief that the traditional nuclear family was the central force of modern life that contributed to decency, manners, respect for property and law and self-reliance, and was the best atmosphere for raising children (Jones et al, 2007, p.156). The norms and values of society began to break down in the 60s and 70s when a more tolerant society began to emerge. Changes to social policies such as divorce legislation (Divorce Reform Act, 1969) and generous welfare benefits were blamed for society and values deteriorating and this had caused an increase in irregular families and household types (Douglas, 1990, p.412). Thatcher and the New Right believed that the only way social problems would end would be if the golden age returned in which people lived in conventional family units, women stayed at home, divorce was not considered, benefits for lone parents were low and tax allowance for children were paid out (Douglas, 1999, p.414 ). They further argued that the traditional values of womens roles and the tradition of marriage was important to hold society together (Jones, 2007, p.156). New Right thinking, although influential in the 80s during the Thatcher Government is not new and has been around since the 17th and 18th century. The belief was that the government should not intercede in peoples lives and freedom, and that any intervention would cause social problems to become worse rather than improving them. The New Right also differentiated between people who were thought to be deserving of help and welfare services (poor through no fault of their own) and those who were unemployed, lazy and wasted money who should not receive welfare and support (Page et al, 1999, p.23; 78). Although Thatcher was keen to encourage and maintain the roles and responsibilities of the traditional family unit for personal security, emotional satisfaction and care for family members, it became difficult due to changes in society and law, which allowed women more freedom. Abortions were legalised and the contraceptive pill became available for free. In addition several Acts were introduced which gave women the opportunity to be more equal to men such as the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Equal Opportunities Act (1995). Furthermore the marketization of the economy; deregulation and privatisation of labour markets and spreading owner occupation in an unstable housing market all played their part in the family breakdown and womens access to, and need for, jobs (Chadwick et al, 2003, p.8). As womens lives began to change, they moved away from their natural role of housewife and mother as divorce rates climbed and more lone-parent families became the nor m. The idea of family responsibility and informal care by the existing family was formally made public but in reality, it became more difficult for family members to support each other. The belief was that the normal nuclear family should be a family of two heterosexual adults, who were married and in a sexual relationship, producing children and instilling traditional moral values in them. Therefore the breakdown of the family and specifically the increase in lone parent families and illegitimacy were recognized as the cause of the increase in crime, unemployment, delinquency, educational underachievement and child poverty (Douglas, 1999, p.412; 413). Charles Murray whose New Right ideas greatly influenced Thatcher and Conservative thinking believed that society in the 1960s had done nothing to improve the life of the poor but instead had caused it to be worse by creating an underclass. Despite any evidence, he further argued that the welfare programmes had produced a rise in unemp loyment, crime and illegitimacy in the American underclass and defiantly stated that people were not owed a decent standard of living, it was something they had to work for (Page et al, 1999, p.79). Murray particularly blamed the children of lone parent families for social problems as he argued that the lack of both role models would increase their chance of living in poverty, becoming dependent on drugs, alcohol and benefits and therefore would increase the chance of them resorting to crime. He further stated that the welfare state encouraged dependency and a break from traditional values and argued that large benefits led to families not working, but remaining dependant on state benefits (Page et al, 1999, p.304; 78). Thatcher therefore believed that the only way to reduce poverty was by ending the benefit culture, removing this dependency and encouraging self-reliance. She would have preferred mothers not to work, as their responsibility was to be at home to care for and protect their children. More over it would have been desirable if there were no single mothers claiming income support. Dunn Toroosian (2009, p.74) argues that the terms legitimate and illegitimate referring to children born in or out of wedlock are old fashioned, value laden terms that reflect societies attitude to marriage and childbearing which reinforce the New Right view and the Conservative pro-family movement, derived from Christian morality. Thatcher addressed the increase in welfare costs by cutting social expenditure, withdrawing services and introducing a new form of means tested support, which she believed targeted those in real need. She reduced the level of benefits and replaced certain benefits with others, which meant some people lost all or some of their benefits. Furthermore child benefit was not increased in line with inflation. Discretionary payments for people in deprivation were completely removed and the Social Fund introduced to help struggling people was mostly given out in the form of loans and not grants. The effect of these changes left many people and families who were receiving benefits a lot poorer. It is however argued (Pascall, 2002) that these changes to social policy left women in a stronger position by the end of the Conservative era due to improved access to work and enabled lone mothers to do paid work which made women less dependant within families. Although many of the changes happened more because of the womens movement than to Thatcherism, Thatcherite policies played a part in the process. However regardless of the womans new position, the New Rights ideology of the nuclear family is not all it is made out to be. Functionalist in particular ignored the potential harmful effects of family life and inequalities of domestic life. Nuclear families are very stereotypical and discriminatory (other family types are not families and therefore inadequate), patriarchal (there is an unequal distribution of power and status as it is male dominant and women are exploited) and not inclusive (gay relationships, reconstituted families, unmarried parents and especially lone parents ar e all ignored). There was no discussion or argument about whether the nuclear family was the only one that could carry out the vital functions of the family or whether the role of nurturing children could possibly be carried out by other family types such as lone parents or two women/ men. In addition nuclear families, as with all other types of families, can be equally unfavourable especially if there is domestic abuse and violence or child and drug abuse. Women may have gained more rights to be considered equal to men but in most circumstances the man has remained the breadwinner and women were still considered to undertake the emotional role of the domestics, housewife, mother and carer. Women often work part time or flexible hours in order to allow them to continue to fulfil their childcare and household responsibilities (Dunn-Toroosin, 2009, p.63). In addition, because of the changes in the economic, demographic, political and cultural trends in the industrialised world, people s work and home lives had changed. Although great change had taken place, it seemed that other areas of society such as government, religion and business had not yet caught up with the new reality. The Labour Party led by Tony Blair came into power after a landslide victory in 1997 and one of his main agendas was welfare reform. Although he continued with many of the Conservatives themes and stated that the welfare state must offer a hand-up rather than a hand-out'(Page, 1999, p.306), he wanted people on benefits to pull their weight with his rights and responsibilities approach. However, in his attempt to break away from Thatherism, the new government adopted the Third Way which was about promoting opportunity instead of dependance, with a welfare state providing for the mass of the people, but in new ways to fit the modern world (DSS, 1998b, p.19). Although New Labour accepted that the government had a duty to provide appropriate training and education, Blair wanted certain people receiving benefits (including single parents) to be encouraged into work and training rather than continuing to receive benefits (Page, 1999, p.309). Blair stressed the importance of individuals bei ng socially independent, however he also emphasised the importance and morals of families arguing that the breakup of community in turn is consequent on the breakdown in family life (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Blair promised that his policies would modernise and renew Britain however the ideas that they were based upon were hardly new. He frequently discussed his Christian beliefs and values and how they influenced his policies New Labour very much wanted to return to family values (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Frank Field (Labour minister for welfare reform, 1998) adopted many of the views of Charles Murray and he again highlighted the role of divorce, family breakdown and illegitimacy as the main contributors of the underclass and that welfare should openly reward good behaviour and enhance those roles which the country values (cited in Lavalette, 1999, online). Labour used social welfare policy to assert a new moral agenda and similarly to the policies of the New Right f ocused on the problem of teenage pregnancy, single mothers and the one parent family which resulted in benefits being cut (Page, 1999, p.129). The New Deal (introduced in 1998) was concerned with moving people off benefits into work through better access to training and subsidies being offered to employers who employ young people who had been out of work for six months. Furthermore the New Deal for Lone Parents did not apply to lone parents with younger children and it did not consider how difficult it was for them in actually taking up paid work (Hills, 1998, p.26). The poor working class families were told that they would be held responsible for any crimes their children committed as New Labour focussed on strengthening families and communities and also shaping the institution in which children are brought up, on the basis of enduring values justice for all, responsibilty from all (Chadwick, 2003, p.32). Benefit recipients were told that work is their salvation, even if it meant working for benefits, and being unemployed was not an option. Another strategy on his agenda was to tackle social exclusion groups of the poor who lacked the income and the opportunities to access social establishments which again included young single mothers. New Labour saw paid work as the best way to improve the position of the socially excluded rather than creating dependancy on welfare payments and services (Page, 1999, p.307). Ironically his agenda led to increasing levels of unemployment and a greater divide between rich and poor. It is a continuation of a number of themes that have been central to British Government policy for the last 30 years and is based on a deeply conservative moral agenda where the poor working class is increasingly identified as a problem that must be forced to accept the values of modern capitalism. Both New Right and New Labour attitudes and personal belief in how the family does work and should work has significantly impacted and influenced the Governments decision on social policy. However Page (1999, p.15) argues that social policy has always been shaped and influenced by social factors such as gender, class and age. This has in turn had consequences for women in family and public life. The effect of encouraging traditional family structures and the labelling of single parents has had both psychological and physical effects on families and such stigma often shapes and overshadows life. There was no evidence that proved the nuclear family was better than other family units or that lone parents were unsuitable yet this influenced policies. Furthermore, it was seen as a life style choice for single parents to be on benefits but benefits offer little chance for lone parents (and/or their children) to get out of the poverty cycle and it needs to be recognised that poverty strips dignity and makes a person powerless. Although the solution was to blame individuals and therefore change and introduce new policies and benefits, it would have been better to deal with the inequality and the lack of choices faced by some women. Providing more jobs and opportunities with better pay would have enabled women and their families to claw their way out of poverty and their reliance on welfare. Although the increase in capitalism meant progress for women as it enabled them to enter the workforce, they still remained unequal as they continued to bear the burden of the family role. Childcare facilities which could have allowed women to go back to work were scarce due to the lack of Thatchers commitment to spend public money on expanding childcare facilities (Douglas, 1999, p.413). Whilst much has been achieved, women are still at a definite disadvantage compared to men and therefore remain economically dependant. The aim of state welfare was to remove divisions in society, political and class inequality however b ecause of the attitudes of the changing political powers which influenced the welfare state, the effect has been to make those divisions more visible: lone parents and the underclass who have little choice than to live in impoverished environments where there is overcrowding and crime WORD COUNT: 3051

An Argument on Education Essay

Abstract Education is important to have with today’s economy in the shape that it is in. However, there are different ways that people define education. Some people believe that to be considered well educated they need to have the top education in the United States, the highest GPA, and the highest standardized testing scores! I firmly believe that your knowledge first comes from the Lord and that he will bless you in whatever area he has for you! There are many examples that we can use to see both sides and not just judging someone as well educated only through grades ad excellence in school. An Argument on Education Education is important for everyone to have growing up if they want to make it by in today’s modern world. However, everyone seems to determine how well educated someone else is in a different ways such as: their test scores, papers that they write, their grade point average, and their knowledge of knowing how to do things. In Alfrie Kohn’s Article (2003), â€Å"What does it mean to be well –educated† he cites a quote from an Alred Whitehead stating, â€Å"A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth. . .  . Scraps of information† are only worth something if they are put to use, or at least â€Å"thrown into fresh combinations. † There are parts of this quote that I agree and disagree on. I agree with Alred saying that men on this earth that just have bits and pieces of information are useless unless it can relate to their job that gets them by. Acquiring knowledge isn’t a bad thing, its just not always needed. I only disagree because I believe that if someone does know a large amount that it is not pointless, it just should not determine whether or not they are educated or not. Throughout the years I have had the chance to be in school I have learned and observed much through my own personal experiences as well as being surrounded by my peers at school and at home. Personally, I am one of those students who can learn the material I am asked to learn but when it comes to taking tests I freeze up and get extremely anxious, which allows me to do poorly on the tests. I had extremely low SAT scores and low-test scores from any big test, but I was also an honor graduate and gradated in the top one hundred out of six hundred students. Many people would consider me uneducated just because of low standardized tests when they do not think of other factors that could reason for why I get low scores. High-test scores alone and high GPA’s cannot determine whether or not someone is well educated. At the beginning of Alfrie Kohn’s article he gives a superior example of this by telling us that his wife who went to Harvard and does not even know her math or English well. â€Å"She will, however, freeze up if you ask her what 8 times 7 is, because she never learned the multiplication table. And forget about grammar (â€Å"Me and him went over her house today† is fairly typical) or literature (â€Å"Who’s Faulkner? †). Harvard is known as One of the top prestigious school in America, and because of that most people would assume that who ever goes to that school is well educated. This is example is similar to how it is with anything but what people do not realize is some of the world’s well-educated people did not even graduate from high school. I believe that being well educated means being able to put what you know to use and being able to use that knowledge to glorify the one who created me. As a strong believer in Christ, I believe my relationship with God and spreading his word is more important than knowledge. However, that does not mean that I believe a person should be uneducated. I believe that if given the opportunity to learn we should not take it for granted and that we should bring glory to God through it. I just believe that at the end of your days that God does not care about what degree you have in your hand but he cares about how you lived your life for him. â€Å"The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, and the knowledge of the Holy One is insight. 11 For by me your days will be multiplied, and years will be added to your life† (Proverbs 9:10-11). Our good lord explains that education is first gained through God himself and that your purpose is to live solely for him. Gaining knowledge in Christ is the most important first and he will Bless you in every other area in your life that he feels you need. However, I do believe that getting a degree in something that God is calling you to do. For me, God is calling me to be a missionary Nurse overseas. I know in order to do that I have to get an education on how to be a Nurse in order to carryout God’s will for my life. Most people believe that you need to go to a good school to be considered well educated. I was going to a community college back at home and was learning much when people were questioning why I was going to a community college and that I could get a better education at a different college or university that was away from home. Alfrie Kohn’s wife attended Harvard and still did not know her multiplication tables and wasn’t good at grammar or literature. I believe this is a good example to my previous statement about how it shouldn’t matter what school you go to and that it should not determine how well educated he or she is just because of the title the school has. Everyone has his or her own view on what they believe is a well-educated person, but I feel as if not everyone looks at every viewpoint. They just go off what they know and what first comes to mind. Today because of the way our economy is set up people believe that the only way someone can be considered well educated is if they go to a college to further their degree. There are other ways that someone can get jobs such as enlisting in the military or even through taking over a family-owned business. Determining whether or not someone is educated through tests, and by what schools he or she attended is absurd. You can see that from taking a glance at the people in the world that are huge successes to back that statement up. If we determined whether or not someone was well educated by whether or not he or she graduated college than something is wrong. Bill Gates is a wonderful example because if it were not for him then a lot of today’s popular gadgets such as the Mac Books, iPhones, and iPods would not exist today. He is an intelligent man and has brought on huge changes in todays society. It is not our place to judge who is and who is not educated based on these assumptions References Kohn, Alfie. â€Å"What Does It Mean to Be Well Educated?. † Alfie Kohn author teacher lecturer www. alfiekohn. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Feb. 2012. . â€Å"Proverbs 9:10-11 ESV – The fear of the LORD is the beginning – Bible Gateway. † BibleGateway. com: A searchable online Bible in over 100 versions and 50 languages.. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. . Outline 1. What does it mean to be well educated? * Definition * Articles definition * Personal definition 2. Test scores * Personal grades to back up statement * Quote insert from article * Wife from Harvard 3. Educated * Other ways to be educated 4. Knowledge thru Christ * Proverbs 9:10-11 * Living for Christ first * Honoring his will for out lives 5. Well-educated. * Bill Gates (Did not graduate high school and was still successful) Thesis Education is important for everyone to have growing up if they want to make it by in today’s modern world. However, everyone seems to determine how well educated someone else is in a different ways such as: their test scores, papers that they write, their grade point average, and their overall knowledge of knowing how to do things. In Alfrie Kohn’s Article (2003), â€Å"What does it mean to be well –educated† he cites a quote from a Alred Whitehead stating, â€Å"A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on.

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Alcohol on College Campuses - 2126 Words

Alcohol on College Campuses Did you know 82-92% of college students consume alcohol? (Taylor) Did you drink while in college? Do you agree with alcohol on college campuses or do you disagree? Why? Restricting alcohol consumption on campuses sometimes is used to prevent alcohol abuse and alcohol-related problems. Dry campus policies, however, remain misunderstood. According to Dexter M. Taylor, â€Å"Drinking and alcohol-related problems found on dry campuses were similar to national trends on wet college campuses† (Taylor). Alcohol related problems that occur on college campuses include injuries, unprotected sex, date rape, poor academics, and health issues. If alcohol was aloud on college campuses how could this help improve these statistics? Demographic and Academic Trends in Drinking Patterns and Alcohol-Related problems on dry College Campuses an experiment of two western universities who surveyed students ages 18 and older. Due to this experiment â€Å"dry campuses were similar to nationa l trends on wet college campuses† (Taylor). According to Frances W. Oblander, â€Å"Alcohol abuse has become a major concern on campuses. With this concern, a variety of alcohol education activities ranging from awareness days to full-blown peer counseling and education centers has emerged† (Oblander). It’s time for colleges to start educating their students about alcohol and how alcohol affects the human body. Alcohol should be allowed on college campuses. College is about finding whoShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Issues on College Campuses1181 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Issues on College Campuses â€Å"Binge Drinking on College Campuses.† Center for Science in the Public for Science, Center for Science in the Public Interest. Web. 21Mar. 2012. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) discusses that students enrolled in college are more likely to consume alcohol than their peers than do not attend college. 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Deceiving is Believing Essay - 1032 Words

Deceiving is Believing You come through the door to find a look in your friends eyes, the truth is out. All this time, all those lies; all of it just to make sure that they would not find out, all so they would not develop that shameful look in their eyes. As you walk further into the room, you realize that there was no way to reverse all that has happened, knowing that there was no way to change the one fact that remained, the fact that you lied. Everybody lies, all the time, whether it is rooted from good or bad intentions. It causes problems, to say the least. The average person tells four lies a day, or 1,460 a year for a total of 88,000 by the age of 60, and the most common is: Im fine. So why do people lie? It all comes down†¦show more content†¦There is a saying that says if you cant say something nice, dont say anything at all. In a form of altruism, it is a moral code which definitely holds true. However, in practice, it can prove to be difficult and instead create dismay. A woman, who undoubtedly gained a substantial amount of weight, asks her husband if she looked fat wearing her old beloved dress. Not wanting to hurt her feelings, the husband tells her that she looks great, initially having no care in her physical appearance, he is the husband after all. Feeling confident with the support of her husband, she wears that dress to party where she is ultimately ridiculed by her peers. The husbands intentions were indefinitely that of benevolence, but such an act caused more harm than good. Pursuing this further, a girlfriend can tell her newly beloved boyfriend, in the interest of impressing him, that she was a talented violinist, realistically being only able to play at a beginner level. It is just a small lie, after all, and seemingly can not do much harm. Coincidentally, at a social gathering, her boyfriend and his friends are discovered to have an undying love for the violin and demands her to perform a piece. 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Dove Advertising and Body Odor Free Essays

When considering the product Dove it is a deodorant which gives extra protection for people who have body odor and it helps when a person needs it to protect from getting body odor, therefore Dove deodorant won’t make the move, the tag line that Unilever use for Dove will be used by unity Consultant to promote the product by using a new promotional campaign. Basically Dove has wide range of antiperspirant deodorants to protect people from getting body odor and it gives 24 hours protection, further, it gives physically freshness and mentally confident, even in the toughest moments. . We will write a custom essay sample on Dove: Advertising and Body Odor or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Target Market The promotional campaigns of Dove was mainly focused on it’s primary consumers who were young adult females involved in sports, and of course the working population of women and not-working women 16-45 who want to stay fresh and have an active life style and have the confidence to spend the rest of the day without having to worry about body odor. . 4. 2 Communication Objectives †¢Increase Dove brands market share by 10% within one year. Create awareness among the target group within one year to 30%. †¢Create positive feelings about the brand among 30% and preference among 15% of the target audience. †¢Communicate key benefits of the Dove deodorant that appeal to the target market. (www. uniliversrilanka. lk) 4. 3 Campaign Idea †¢ Increase brand awareness. †¢ Build brand image. †¢ Increase customer traffic. †¢ Increase inquiries from end users. †¢ Provide information Increasing consumption of an established brand They fol lowed IMC tools as follows, 4. 4 Advertising The main objective in advertising this was to create awareness and provide information about Dove and to make Dove the best product in the deodorant industry. Every major medium had been used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. How to cite Dove: Advertising and Body Odor, Essay examples

Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality

Question: Discuss about the Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality. Answer: Introduction: Economic Inequality is defined as the unequal distribution of the income and wealth among the people of large populations. It is an obvious thing that the excess of anything is harmful similarly in the case of excessive inequality because it is harmful to the economy of Australia. Currently, the income distribution in Australia is higher than the OECD (organization for economic co-operation and development) member Countries. Australia is ranked 11th for the inequality among the 34 members of the OECD. In Australia, from the last 17 years the strong employment growth helped to reduce the inequality, but still the income is not distributed evenly in all the states and territories of the Australia. For example- people in Tasmania are not treated in the same way as compared to the people of Western Australia. This inequality is measured by conducting the survey in the country and also with the help of Gini Coefficient that is statistics used to analyze the variation in the levels of ineq uality (Council, 2015). Talking about the time of 1970's, people of the Australia is facing the challenges of the problem of "conventional wisdom" that refers to the aspect of scarcity instead of attaining managing the wealth in an efficient way. There were many problems that are required to be solved and addressed the problem of wastage of resources at the time of war and quality imbalance among the population. After the period of post-war, a new world with new ideas and concerns over the past has been developed and these new ideas focused more on the decreasing significance than inequality. There are many things that observed in the social history of Australia about the reasons of increasing the inequality as an economic issue. The numbers of reasons are various as a large amount of the population had a sense of security level and the economic imbalance. Since the 1970s the real income of the population rises dramatically. The theory of transformation helps in describing this situation very well (Fletcher Guttmann, 2013). According to this theory, the people of the Australia were able to shift from agriculture to industry because of the industrialization of the Australia, but the number of people who will shift is less because this is not possible that all the citizens of the country will prefer to enter into an industry. Thus, this is the reason that inequality increases as some of the people become rich, whereas there are still some people who remained poorer. Moreover, the industrialization in the Australia leads to provide education, the rise in the wages of manpower and rise in the powers of politics for the huge population and all these were the reasons that cause the inequality in Australia. From the last 20 to 30 years there is a continuous increase in the level of inequality has been observed in most of the OECD (Organization for economic co-operation and development) countries among the Australia. Talking about the recent times Australia is the 11th most unequal country among the 34 countries of OECD country members (Norris, et al., 2015). This essay outlines the reasons of increased level of economic inequality in Australia with the explanation of the nature of the economy using the techniques of both historical political, and this essay is focused on the fact that the main cause of the inequality in the economy is government policies and ideas of transferring the income of the people from wages to profits. Another reason is that the income of the people is shifted from the lower level to the middle and top-level income earners, but at the same point of time the usage of that income is reduced and sets an aim of increasing that income by the way of investments. Skill-biased changes in the technology is also another factor that is responsible for the imbalance of the income among the people and the impact of these technological changes influenced by globalization. Beneficial for the skilled people and raise their income, whereas unskilled people remains at the same place. The skilled based technology favor all the skilled people such as educated experience and capable persons and unfavorable for uneducated people. It has been found that these companies offer more premium wages to the people having the skills and according to their experience (Holmes, 2016). However, globalization is the biggest reason of economic inequality in Australia as the commodities of labor intensive are outsourced to the group of people having low wages and will lead to reducing the prices. As a result of which the demand of the unskilled people in the Australia becomes low because most of the production systems now largely dependent on the advanced information techn ology and lead to rising in the demand for skilled labor who are capable of using these technologies. Also in the manufacturing sector, the employment opportunities increased for the highly educated people and usually these people get the higher wages as compared to the less educated. It is clear from these facts that the due to globalisation, industrialization and the polarization, the well and skilled people have the opportunity of being more richer and unskilled people remains poorer that creates the income inequality in Australia. Looking at the previous figures, in Australia, there was a decrease in the income levels of 50 percent to 35 percent in the year of 1929 and in 1932 but later on, in the year of 2007, it again increased with the same percentage of 50%. After the year of 1970, there was a change in the distribution of income has been seen. At that time, it was found that rich population's income is changed by only 1 percent, whereas the more than the half of the population is highly affected by the globalization. Further, the change in government policies and impose a tax on the salaried class people also reduces the income of the middle-class people. The government rules and regulations also caused inequality as these regulations are also applied to all the group of people in the country and maybe that changes are in favor of rich people and not in the favor of the poor (Dollman, et al., 2015). Adding more to this problem, there has been many effects of this extreme inequality on the quality of life of the people of Australia.The difference in the level of income of the people among the population has a great impact on the economy of the Australia. It has both the positive as well negative effects on the life of people and the economy. Talking about the negative impacts of this higher inequality is that it lowers the growth of the economy by decreasing the capabilities of the low-income people underinvestment in education takes place because the children from the poor family will gain their education from low-quality schools and the chances of getting higher education in colleges are less. Moreover, the people of lower income will face the situation of financial crisis as stagnant earning of the poor and middle class of people and leads to affect the short as the well long-term growth of the economy. Thus, increased level of income inequality leads to face the challenge of globalimbalances. Italso creates the situation of conflict as increased level of imbalances in income may damage the trust and social pressure that also discourage the people to invest their money (Fletcher Guttmann, 2011). Furthermore, the positive impacts of higher income inequality are that it promotes the education system and motivates people to shift themselves from agriculture to industries. Because of the globalization, the employment opportunities have been created to motivate the public to earn more and use their skills. Because of the industrialization, the wages for the labor or manpower increases and helps the low people to increase their level of income. As we know that, the country with the high level of inequality in which the distribution of income is not in the favor of the poor is not successful in the reduction of poverty (Richardson Denniss, 2014). But the more employment opportunities for the labor will help the country in lowering the poverty. Conclusion- At the last, it is concluded that it is very difficult to get the society at the equal position because of the globalization and the government policies. The negative effects of the rise in inequality in the society are more than the positive. To deal with this economic issue the government has to take some steps and acts smartly to facilitate successful some operations without harming the people for the development of the country. The government is only one support for poor people who have the ideas and powers to reduce that inequality by changing and making some new policies taking into consideration the social security, low wage rate and high tax rates for the highly paid people or income earners (Cooney, 2016). The taxation and government income help to reduce the policy by imposing more taxes on the highly earned people and providing government income to people such as pensions, scholarships for children, and family payments etc. The government is recommended to add more funds for the improvisation of the education sector and appoint good faculty for teaching the students as youth is the future of the nation and it is important to develop the youth. It is suggested to open more educational institutions who are not normal or who are suffering from any mental or physical disabilities and provide them education for free as well as other incidental services for free too and help them learn things and motivate them to stand with the other normal students at par (OECD Team, 2008). To control that economic issue, some of the actions that can be taken to reduce the inequality in free education and medical facilities for the poor children so that they will become more skilled and fit to earn moreand development of Government policies in the favor of poor people with the aim of to reduce the poverty. The government should also increase the number of employment opportunities for the unskilled people. Small states and territories also need to be addressed to reduce the inequalities because there are many places in the Australia which are not covered and need some attention and still under the line of poverty. The causes of higher inequality need to be analyzed so that the government develops some policies keeping in mind all the factors. Economic equality is good for every country. Thus, it is very important to control this situation by taking corrective actions and to manage and maintain the economic stability in Australia. References Cooney, M., 2016. Inequality: the facts and the future, Available at: https://www.chifley.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Chifley_ResearchDocument_19.08.16-FINALV2a-min.pdf Council, A., 2015. Inequality in Australia, Available at: https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Inequality_in_Australia_FINAL.pdf Dollman, R., Kaplan, G., Cava, G. Stone, T., 2015. Household Economic Inequality in Australia, Available at: https://gregkaplan.uchicago.edu/sites/gregkaplan.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/dollman_kaplan_lacava_stone.pdf Fletcher, M., 2011. Income Inequality in Australia, Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2013/Economic-Roundup-Issue-2/Economic-Roundup/Income-inequality-in-Australia Fletcher, M. Guttmann, B., 2013. Income inequality in Australia. Issue 2, Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2013/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%202/Downloads/PDF/3-Income-Inequality-Paper.ashx Holmes, A., 2016. Some economic effects of inequality, Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/EconEffects Norris, E. et al., 2015. Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective: IMF, Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf OECD Team, 2008. Growing Unequal? : Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Available at: https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/41525263.pdf Richardson, D. Denniss, R., 2014. Income and wealth inequality in Australia: TAI, Available at: https://www.tai.org.au/system/files_force/PB+64+Income+and+wealth+inequality+FINAL.pdf